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                title="编辑此页面" class="md-content__button md-icon">

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              <h1 id="flexbuffers">FlexBuffers（无模式缓冲区）</h1>
              <p>FlatBuffers 的设计围绕模式（schema）展开，因为当你需要最大
                性能和数据一致性时，强类型是很有帮助的。</p>
              <p>然而，有时候你想要存储不适合模式的数据，因为你无法提前知道
                所有需要存储的内容。</p>
              <p>为此，FlatBuffers 有一个专用格式，称为
                FlexBuffers（灵活缓冲区）。
                这是一种二进制格式，可以与 FlatBuffers 结合使用
                （通过在 FlexBuffers 格式中存储缓冲区的一部分），
                或者作为独立的序列化格式使用。</p>
              <p>虽然它失去了强类型，但你保留了 FlatBuffers 相比其他序列化格式
                （基于模式或非基于模式）最独特的优势：
                FlexBuffers 也可以在不解析/复制/分配对象的情况下访问。
                这在效率/内存友好性方面是一个巨大的优势，并允许
                独特的使用场景，如内存映射（mmap）大量自由格式数据。</p>
              <p>FlexBuffers 的设计和实现允许非常紧凑的编码，
                将字符串的自动池化与容器自动调整大小
                结合到最小可能的表示形式（8/16/32/64位）。许多值和
                偏移量仅需 8 位即可编码。虽然无模式表示
                通常由于需要自描述而更庞大，但 FlexBuffers
                在许多情况下生成的二进制文件比常规 FlatBuffers 更小。</p>
              <p>不过，FlexBuffers 仍然比常规 FlatBuffers 慢，所以
                我们建议只在需要时使用它。</p>
              <h1 id="usage-in-c">C++ 中的使用（Usage in C++）</h1>
              <p>包含头文件 <code>flexbuffers.h</code>，该文件依赖于
                <code>flatbuffers.h</code>
                和 <code>util.h</code>。</p>
              <p>创建缓冲区：</p>
              <div
                class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">flexbuffers</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Builder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fbb</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">fbb</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">13</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">fbb</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Finish</span><span class="p">();</span>
</code></pre></div>
              <p>你创建任何值，后跟 <code>Finish</code>。与 FlatBuffers 不同，FlatBuffers 要求
                根值必须是表，而这里任何值都可以是根，
                包括一个孤立的整数值。</p>
              <p>现在你可以通过 <code>fbb.GetBuffer()</code> 访问包含编码值的
                <code>std::vector&lt;uint8_t&gt;</code>。
                写入它，发送它，或将其存储在父 FlatBuffer 中。在
                这种情况下，缓冲区只有 3 字节大小。</p>
              <p>要读回这个值，你可以简单地说：</p>
              <div
                class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">root</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">flexbuffers</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">GetRoot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_buffer</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int64_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AsInt64</span><span class="p">();</span>
</code></pre></div>
              <p>FlexBuffers 只按需存储整数大小，所以它不区分
                不同大小的整数。你可以请求 64 位版本，
                无论你输入什么。实际上，由于你要求读取根
                为整数，如果你提供的缓冲区实际包含浮点数，或
                包含数字的字符串，它也会即时为你转换，
                或者如果无法转换则返回 0。如果你想知道
                缓冲区内部的内容再访问它，你可以调用
                <code>root.GetType()</code> 或 <code>root.IsInt()</code>
                等。</p>
              <p>下面是一个稍微复杂点的值，你可以用它代替上面的
                <code>fbb.Int</code>：</p>
              <div
                class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">fbb</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Map</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="p">]()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="n">fbb</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Vector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;vec&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="p">]()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">fbb</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">-100</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">fbb</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Fred&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">fbb</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IndirectFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">4.0f</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="p">});</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="n">fbb</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</code></pre></div>
              <p>这存储了相当于 JSON 值
                <code>{ vec: [ -100, "Fred", 4.0 ], foo: 100 }</code> 的内容。根
                是一个字典，只有两个键值对，键为 <code>vec</code> 和
                <code>foo</code>。与 FlatBuffers 不同，它
                实际上必须在缓冲区中存储这些键（如果
                你存储多个这样的对象，通过池化键值，它只存储一次），但也与
                FlatBuffers 不同的是，它对你使用的键（字段）没有限制。</p>
              <p>该映射构造函数使用 C++11 Lambda 来分组其子项，但你也可以
                使用更传统的开始/结束调用，如果你喜欢的话。</p>
              <p>映射中的第一个值是一个向量。你会注意到，与 FlatBuffers 不同，
                你可以使用混合类型。还有一个
                <code>TypedVector</code> 变体，它只
                允许单一类型，并使用稍少的内存。</p>
              <p><code>IndirectFloat</code> 是一个有趣的功能，它允许你通过
                偏移量而不是内联方式存储值。虽然这对用户没有任何
                可见变化，但结果是大值（特别是双精度或
                64 位整数）如果多次出现可以共享（参见
                ReuseValue）。
                另一个用例是在向量内部，其中最大元素决定
                所有元素的大小（例如，单个双精度浮点数强制所有元素为
                64位），因此将大量小整数与双精度浮点数一起存储，
                如果双精度浮点数是间接的，效率更高。</p>
              <p>访问它：</p>
              <div
                class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">map</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">flexbuffers</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">GetRoot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_buffer</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">AsMap</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// 2</span>
<span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;vec&quot;</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">AsVector</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// 3</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">AsInt64</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// -100;</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">AsString</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &quot;Fred&quot;;</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">AsInt64</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// 0 (数字解析失败)。</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">AsDouble</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// 4.0</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">AsString</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">IsTheEmptyString</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true (类型错误)。</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">AsString</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &quot;&quot; (但这仍然可以工作)。</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">ToString</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &quot;4&quot; (或者进行转换)。</span>
<span class="n">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">AsUInt8</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// 100</span>
<span class="n">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;unknown&quot;</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">IsNull</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true</span>
</code></pre></div>
              <h1 id="usage-in-java">Java 中的使用（Usage in Java）</h1>
              <p>Java 实现紧密遵循 C++ 实现。</p>
              <p>要创建与相同 JSON <code>{ vec: [
                  -100, "Fred", 4.0 ], foo: 100 }</code> 等效的内容，
                可以使用以下代码：</p>
              <div
                class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">FlexBuffersBuilder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FlexBuffersBuilder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ByteBuffer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">allocate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">512</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="w">                                                        </span><span class="n">FlexBuffersBuilder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">BUILDER_FLAG_SHARE_KEYS_AND_STRINGS</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">smap</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">startMap</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">svec</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">startVector</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">putInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">putString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Fred&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">putFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">endVector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;vec&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">svec</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">false</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">false</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">putInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">endMap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">smap</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">ByteBuffer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">finish</span><span class="p">();</span>
</code></pre></div>
              <p>类似地，要读取数据，只需：</p>
              <div
                class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">FlexBuffers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">Map</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">map</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FlexBuffers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getRoot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bb</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">asMap</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">size</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// 2</span>
<span class="n">FlexBuffers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">Vector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;vec&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">asVector</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">size</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// 3</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">asLong</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// -100;</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">asString</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &quot;Fred&quot;;</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">asLong</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// 0 (数字解析失败)。</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">asFloat</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// 4.0</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">asString</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="na">isEmpty</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true (类型错误)。</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">asString</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &quot;&quot; (但这仍然可以工作)。</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">toString</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &quot;4.0&quot; (或者进行转换)。</span>
<span class="n">map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">asUInt</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// 100</span>
<span class="n">map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;unknown&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">isNull</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true</span>
</code></pre></div>
              <h1 id="binary-encoding">二进制编码（Binary encoding）</h1>
              <p>关于 FlexBuffers 如何编码的描述在
                <a href="../internals/index.html">内部结构（internals）</a> 文档中。</p>
              <h1 id="nesting-inside-a-flatbuffer">嵌套在 FlatBuffer 内部（Nesting
                inside a
                FlatBuffer）</h1>
              <p>你可以标记一个字段包含 FlexBuffer，例如：</p>
              <div
                class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>a:[ubyte] (flexbuffer);
</code></pre></div>
              <p>将生成一个特殊的访问器，允许你直接访问根值，
                例如 <code>a_flexbuffer_root().AsInt64()</code>。</p>
              <h1 id="efficiency-tips">效率提示（Efficiency tips）</h1>
              <ul>
                <li>向量通常比映射高效得多，所以在
                  可能的情况下，对小对象优先使用向量而非映射。与其使用带有键
                  <code>x</code>、<code>y</code> 和 <code>z</code> 的映射，
                  不如使用向量。更好的是，使用类型化向量。或更好的是，使用固定
                  大小的类型化向量。</li>
                <li>映射向后兼容向量，可以作为向量进行迭代。
                  你可以只迭代值
                  （<code>map.Values()</code>），或与
                  键向量并行（<code>map.Keys()</code>）。如果你打算
                  访问大部分或所有元素，这比通过键查找
                  每个元素更快，因为后者涉及键向量的二分搜索。</li>
                <li>尽可能不要在小值的大向量中混合需要大位宽的值
                  （如双精度浮点数），因为所有元素都会采用这个
                  宽度。当这是一种可能性时，使用 <code>IndirectDouble</code>。注意
                  整数会自动使用可能的最小宽度，即如果你要求
                  序列化一个实际值很小的 int64_t，你将使用更少的
                  位。只要可能无损地表示，双精度浮点数就会表示为单精度浮点数，但
                  这只对少数值有效。
                  由于嵌套向量/映射是通过偏移量存储的，它们通常不会
                  影响向量宽度。</li>
                <li>要存储大量字节数据，请使用二进制大对象（blob）。如果你使用类型化
                  向量，大小字段的位宽可能会使其使用超出
                  预期的空间，并且可能与 <code>memcpy</code> 不兼容。
                  类似地，如果大小可能超过 64k 元素，大量 (u)int16_t 数组
                  最好存储为二进制大对象。
                  构造和使用方式与字符串类似。</li>
              </ul>

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